| CHAPTER 2B – Term 2 | ||
| Topic | Case | Brief Description |
| IMPLIED TERMS | ||
| Custom Implied Term | Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M&W 466 | 租客約滿後可獲業主給予該租客期間所付出的種子及勞力打理農地 |
| Custom Implied Term | Fleet v Murton (1871) L.R. 7 Q.B. 126 | Agent與第三者簽約如無列明 Principal是誰，慣例是 agent 需個人承擔即使是 principal 導致的法律責任（如 Principal 破產 |
| Custom Implied Term | Smith v Wilson (1832) 3B & Ad 728 | 白兔數量 — 需從習俗方言來解讀合約文字 |
| Factual Implied Term – Business Efficacy Test (with Implied Term) | The Moorcock (1889) LR 14 PD 64 | 碼頭不安全 for 卸貨但其安全性無列明於合約 |
| Factual Implied Term – Officious Bystander Test | Shirlaw v Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd [1939] 2 KB 206 | |
| Factual Implied Term – Officious Bystander Test (No Implied Term) | Spring v National Amalgamated Stevedores and Dockers Society [1956] 1 W.L.R. 585 | 原告被公會解僱，理由為 implied term in Bridlingon agreement，但fail officious bystander test |
| Factual Implied Term – Officious Bystander Test (with Implied Term) | Independiente v Music Trading Online (HK) Ltd CA [2007] | Settlement Agreement has Implied Terms based on Officious Bystander Test |
| Factual Implied Term – combine both test (England case) | Reigate v Union Manufacturing Co [1918] 1 K.B. 592 | Both tests (Business Efficacy Test and Officious Bystander Test) are combined into one |
| Factual Implied Term – tests treated as alternative to each other (England case) | Mosvolds Rederi A/S v Food Corporation of India [1986] 2 Lloyds Rep. 68 | The two tests (Business Efficacy Test and Officious Bystander Test) are treated as alternative to each other |
| Factual Implied Term – combine both test (HK case) | BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Shire of Hastings (1978) 52 ALJR 20 | Both tests (Business Efficacy Test and Officious Bystander Test) are combined , together with few more tests as well. |
| Term implied in law – landlord/tenant | Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1977] AC 239 | 業主有 Implied責任維持住宅環境不被破壊 |
| Term implied in law – Employment contract | Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in liquidation) [1998] AC 20 | 銀行因欺詐清盤，員工被譴散並帶污名，官判銀行有僱主 Implied 責任履行 trust and confidence |
| Term implied in law – Employment contract | Andayani v Chan Oi Ling [2001] 1 HKC 252 | 印傭口頭接受工資被壓但合約仍列示最低工資，其後合約被解除，印傭欲討回實收工資與合約所示最低工資差額，官判原合約 illegal and void |
| Term Implied by Statute | Rowland v Divall [1923] 2 KB 500 | Sale of Stolen Car
車代理買車後，賣方賣時原來沒有擁有權，因那是偷車，即賣方無權將車擁有權透過買賣轉予車代理 – A car dealer had bought a car to which the seller had no title |
| Term Implied by Statute | Harlingdon & Leinster Enterprises Ltd. v Hull Fine Art Ltd [1990] 1 All E.R. 737 | 假畫買賣買方雖較賣方專長故沒有依賴有關 description (i.e. not sold by description，故買方承擔因自已判斷買了假畫的後果 |
| CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS | ||
| Term Classification – Intermediate Terms (or Innominate Terms) – ‘in every way fitted’. | Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26 | 甲包船予乙共保證船性能好，但乙發現不符保證，官判該保證 guarantee 屬 intermediate terms，未至於構成中止合約之理據 |
| Term Classification – Intermediate Terms (or Innominate Terms) – ‘Prompt’ | Yam Seng v ITC Ltd [2013] | ‘Shipped Promptly’ – ‘Prompt ‘ is good example of intermediate term |
| Term Classification – Extreme consequences if blindly following the ‘Condition’ label | Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] A.C. 235; [1973] 2 W.L.R. 683. | [A]與[R]之合約指明[R] 需在四年半內 visit 1,400 間英國車製造商，並在合約指明此條款為 Condition，[R] 少 visit 數次後[A] 以 Condition 未能履行而終止合約 |
| Term Classification – follow the ‘Condition’ label | Lombard North Central plc v Butterworth [1987] QB 527 | 合約指明不準時付款足以終止合約，縱使遲付款的 consequences對原告來說不大 |
| Term Classification –Contrary to commercial sense if blindly following ‘Condition’ label | Rice v Great Yarmouth Borough Council [2001] 3 LGLR 4 | 條款指明任何合約內之條文未能實行均可構成終止合約，此條款被判太 broad，終止合約與否應按違背個別條款後果之嚴重性作準 |
| Term Classification – Time Clauses in merchantile contracts are Condition | Bunge Corporation v Tradax Export SA [1981] 2 All E.R. 513 | 船期遲了四日通知，需 not serious consequences，但 time clauses in mercantile contracts 是 Condition |
| Term Classification – Time Clauses is Condition | Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd [1997] 1 HKC 173 | 樓宇買賣協議列明 time is of the essence，買家遅到 10 分鐘足令賣方終止協議 |
| Term Classification – ‘ Good Condition’ is Intermediate Term | Cehave NV v Bremer Handelsgesellschaft mbh [1976] Q.B. 44 (the Hansa Nord) | “ Good Condition” 是Intermediate Term |
| Term Classification – Certainty Approach | The Mihalis Angelos [1970] 3 All E.R. 125 | Classification of terms still valuable in certain contracts, e.g. charter party 傭船契約 |